What Are CDs Made Of

A compact disc or CD is a form of digital media. It is an optical device which can be encoded with digital data. When you examine a CD you can tell it is mainly plastic. In fact, a CD is almost pure polycarbonate plastic. There is a spiral track molded into the top of the plastic. The surface of a CD is reflective because the disc is coated with a thin layer of aluminum or sometimes gold. The shiny metal layer reflects the laser that is used to read or write to the device. A layer of lacquer is spin-coated onto the CD to protect the metal. A label may be screen-printed or offset-printed onto the lacquer. Data is encoded by forming pits in the spiral track of the polycarbonate (though the pits appear as ridges from the perspective of the laser). A space between pits is called a land. A change from a pit to a land or a land to a pit is a 1 in binary data, while no-change is a 0. Scratches Are Worse on One Side than the Other Pits are closer to the label side of a CD, so a scratch or other damage on the label side is more likely to result in an error than one occurring on the clear side of the disc. A scratch on the clear side of the disc often can be repaired by polishing the disc or filling the scratch with a material with a similar refractive index. You basically have a ruined disc if the scratch occurs on the label side.

Age of Doubt In Europe in the 16th Century - 878 Words

In the 16th Century, Europeans had their faith shattered and were forced to realize that there was doubt in what they believed in. From the countless wars being fought in the name of religion, to the once great and wealthy countries that needed to reaffirm their place in the world, ‘all that they had once taken for granted was suddenly cast into doubt’ (446). Europeans were desperately searching for new foundations to put their faith in ‘in the face of intellectual, religious, and political challenges’ (446). This period is an example of the expression â€Å"Age of Doubt, Age of Uncertainty†. The wars going on throughout Europe through this era were claiming territories through conquest, marriage alliances, or inheritance agreements on the†¦show more content†¦With the help of alliances â€Å"William the Silent† made with France, Germany, and England, the Netherlands was divided up with Calvinism practiced in the north and Catholicism in the Spanish controlled South (432–433). Between 1618 and 1648, Cardinal Richelieu led the Thirty Years’ War against the Huguenots, with France against Austrian and Spain and with Germany getting the brunt of the casualties (434–437). An example of the viciousness of the attacks were described by author Hans Jakob Christoph von Grimmelshausen in his fictional memoir Siplicissimus (the Simpleton), where he illustrated how ‘each had his own device to torture the peasants, and each peasant had several tortures’ (435). This ended with the signing of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which left France in a powerful position in Europe, Germany and Austria losing not only in casualties but in the power structure of Europe, and Europe as a ‘checkerboard of Protestant and Catholic principalities’ (437). The price revolution in Europe was another contributing factor giving Europeans cause for concern. 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However before the Renaissance, kno wn asRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1989 Words   |  8 PagesThe time of Shakespeare and his great works of literature was a great and prosperous historical time, with much of Europe prospering not only theologically but also economically. However, one of Shakespeare’s plays, Macbeth, brings light to a major and critical aspect of the 16th century that greatly affected life at the time. The story of Macbeth is a tragic play written by Shakespeare in which the fatal flaw of Macbeth is his relentless ambition to be king. This ambition is not only fueled by hisRead MoreThe Impact Of Ecological And Climate Change On Europe1614 Words   |  7 PagesWhat was the impact of ecological and climate change on Europe between c.1500 and c.1650? Early Modern Europe started at the beginning of the 15th century and is a period which characterized by prodigious discoveries and inventions. 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Activity Based Costing Service Industries - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Activity Based Costing Service Industries? Answer: Introduction Time-driven Activity-based costing methodology is an advanced system of the Activity-based costing method. Traditional ABC method is one of the popular methods in business writing and management circles. Though, this method is time-consuming and costly for the company to implement this method in an organisation. Kaplan and Anderson decided to bring the improvement in the process which is now known as Time-driven Activity-based costing. The report will provide the description related to the concept along with its features. The company that has been selected for the analysis is Brigham and Womens hospital. The report talks about the operations and the working of the company along with that how this method is suitable for the company. This method is different from traditional costing system and with the Activity-based costing approach which is discussed in the report. Overview of company Brigham Health is a world-wide leader that devote to sustaining and restoring well-being for people across the world. The company is consists of Brigham and Women's Hospital, Women's Physicians Organization, and Women's Faulkner Hospital. BWH is an international leader which is contributing to the improvements in the lives of the world. This hospital is also known as one of the foremost training hospitals of HMS (Harvard Medical School). Thus, the company has the legacy of superiority to continue to rise year after year. BWH consist of the 150 outpatients practices with more than 1,200 medical doctors. The company attends patients from New England all the way through the US with 120 countries globally (Brigham and Womens Hospital, 2016). The company has the culture of research and innovation that emphasis on the business practices. BWH emphasis on the development of new and innovative methods to keep the people in optimal health and fight diseases that might threaten their well-being. The company provide the access to the education, information and care through numerous places that consist of the national and international affiliates. BWH is dedicated to offers the highest-quality, family and patient-centered care. The company is an established supporter of Partners Healthcare systems which is one of the greatest prominent incorporated delivery structures in the United States (Partners Healthcare, 2017). The company financed approximately $4.45 million to upkeep community-led health equity hard work that takes place in the 5 important neighborhoods that include Mattapan, Mission Hill, Dorchester, Roxbury and Jamaica Plain. BWH is known for its specialty in vascular and heart care, neurosurgical and neurologic care, cancer care, arthritis and orthopedic treatment, women's health and the virtually every single other area of adult medicine. BWH is a second leading NIH-financed healthcare center in the nation. The hospital was the first hospital that developed the (CPOE) computerized physician order entry to prevent any kind of the medication errors and now there is an accepted safety practice national and international (Harvard Medical School, 2018). Mission The mission of the Brigham and womens hospital is to work for the requirements of the global and native community by delivering the maximum quality healthcare to families and patients. Through research, the company is trying to expand the restrictions of Healthcare. The companys mission is to coach the next generations of health care experts (Brigham and Womens Hospital, 2016). Vision The vision of the Brigham and Womens Hospital desires to convert the upcoming years of the healthcare through science, research, training and kind-hearted care within the borders and across the world (Brigham and Womens Hospital, 2016). Values of company Brigham health believes that values are that set belief that guides the decisions and behaviors over time (Brigham and Womens Hospital, 2016). The values that the company has includes- Integrity Collaboration Inclusion Professionalism Empathy TDABC (Time-Driven Activity- Based Costing) TDABC method is New Activity-Based costing method which was presented after the improvement in the traditional ABC method. According to Kaplan and Anderson, this is a method on of the simplest method that has the ability to measure accurately the cost to a more targeted level. This method removes the requirement of the interviews and survey that save the time of the managers of the company and they can utilize this time in other activities (Kaplan, and Anderson, 2017). Time-driven ABC method reduces the volume of the data required. This method required the estimations of two things which include: - The applied volume of committed resources and their cost Unit times for carrying out the transactional activities The time-driven ABC needs fewer resources and time to apply the approach in the organization. It only takes two employees of the company for two days per method that helps the company to load, validate, calculate and report finding and the employees can spend their rest of time in maintaining and organizing the TDABC (Ozyurek and Din, 2014). Thus, this method is more effective than the traditional ABC method because in that method there is need of the ten-person team who spend more than 3 weeks to maintain or track the records in ABC model. This method is an accurate time-based algorithm that works as a template and this method is easy to apply for the companies along with that they can customize this method to other plants or event to other companies in the field of the manufacturing and service industry (Gervais, Levant, and Ducrocq, 2010). Time equation The time equation makes simpler the prediction process and provide as far more accurate cost model that was not possible with the implementation of the traditional ABC techniques. Nowadays, many companies started making the use of the ERP systems that already store data on order, distribution, packaging and other characteristics which makes it simpler to implement (Gervais, Levant, and Ducrocq, 2010). The order and the transaction specific data helps the time equation to simply calculate the time required to complete the particular order or activity. TDABC models expand linearly with variations by adding a term in a time equation. This is the best way for the companies to capture the complexities of the business (Szychta, 2010). Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing Features This method provides a true picture to the suppliers for the cost of the products and services offering so that they can better decide on services and prices, make outsource to more specialized companies. TDABC allows the managers of the manufacturing and service companies to enhance their capabilities of budgeting as with the implementation of this method the managers will be able to identify the accurate resource necessity to fulfill the firms purposes; overheads are appropriately allocated to cost objects (Anti? and Georgijevski, 2010). This method is helpful for the companies who want to keep the record of the activities and the use of the resources within the organization. This method is one of an essential and financial method for the large service-oriented organization as the implementation of this approach will help the company in achieving the complexity and better accuracy (Dejnega, 2011). Difference between TDABC and Activity- Based Costing and Traditional costing system TDABC and Activity- Based Costing Activity- Based Costing Time-driven Activity-Based Costing This method is one of the difficult methods to implement and maintain because in this method the companies need to obtain information through interviews (Adioti, and Valverde, 2013). This method was introduced to simplify the Activity-Based Costing method by using the time to drive the volume cost rate. This process eliminates the requirement of the interview or surveys. ABC permits the firms to appropriately assign overhead costs to products and services. TDABC permits the companies to have improved cost visibility across service types, customer groups, and service operations practices. ABC method has the problem of not providing the accuracy of the redundant resources as it normally practices the proportion of the resources that have been used for each activity bases. Time-driven ABC method makes use of the aggregation of time for each activity due to which this method is able to provide more accuracy as compared to the Activity-based costing method. TDABC and Traditional costing system Traditional costing system Time-driven Activity-Based Costing Traditional costing method mostly helps the companies in identifying the overheads cost by dividing cost crossways products that are based on the predicted ratio of resources which include machine time and the space engaged. TDABC method provides better cost visibility across service types, customer groups, and the service operations processes. In this method, the overheads allocated are generally not accurate due to which the companies mostly get the inappropriate anticipations of the costs. The problem of the cots allocation was fixed with the introduction of the ABC (Activity-Based costing). The improvement in the estimation was possible with the TDABC method as this method provides the accuracy related to the anticipations of the costs (Adioti, and Valverde, 2013). Suitability of Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing for firm The implementation of the TDABC (Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing) methodology is suitable for the Brigham and Womens Hospital as it helps in understanding the compound non-operating room setting of the endoscopy center for the objective of upgrading resource managing and practicing care proposal. The reorganization of the resources can help the hospital in decreasing the waiting times (from approximately 3months to 3 weeks) with this the company will be able to save up to $ 102,000 per year and will enhance the ease of use of the preoperative clinic to an emphasis on greater-risk medical patients. The Brigham and Womens Hospital can implement the time-driven Activity-based accounting in the main hospital and in its ambulatory site (Morris, et.al, 2017). TDABC is an innovative approach that is suitable for the compound health care system in regards to enhancing the resource value and allocation with the help of organization cost and process information. The implementation of TDABC can take place in non-operating room surroundings. Thus, health care can implement this costing system because hospitals are often not well organized as it involves medical disciplines and multiple locations (Morris, et.al, 2017). The endoscopy suite is one of the non-OR surroundings in which the requirement for anesthesiology services is rising due to increase in the number of patients and complication in the procedure. Hence, the increased demand will enhance the waiting times of patients and to reduce that waiting time TDABC is one of the effective tools. Therefore, the Time-driven ABC is suitable for the healthcare. The implementation of the TDABC method will help the healthcare updating the model of operating state of affairs which include fluctuating a proportion of volume of patients who are getting anaesthesiologist- administered sedation from the foremost hospital to the ambulatory site acknowledge the extended waiting list, enhance resource consumptions and last but not least built a monetary case to validate such changes (Morris, et.al, 2017). The implementation of the TDABC in BWH effects the hiring of a additional triage nurse to support the medical screening with the medical screening and triage of the patients available in the hospital before the process. This change will lead to the net saving of approximately $15,000 (Morris, et.al, 2017). Conclusion Time-Driven ABC method is one of the best methods for the multinational manufacturing and services companies as with the help of this method they can easily analyze the cost of the complex business activities of the company. The suitability of TDABC for Brigham and Womens Hospital is discussed in the report. The implementation of the TDABC in the hospital is essential as this method will save the time as well as the cost of the Brigham and Womens Hospital. They can utilize their time by devoting their time for the treatment of the other patients. Moreover, the report shows the detailed description of the concept, its features and the difference between the TDABC and Activity- Based Costing and Traditional costing system. References Adioti, A.A. and Valverde, R., 2013. Time-driven activity based costing for the improvement of it service operations.International Journal of Business and Management,9(1), p.109. Anti?, L. and Georgijevski, M., 2010. Time-driven activity based costing.ECONOMIC, p.497. Brigham and Womens Hospital, 2016, About Brigham and Women's Hospital, Accessed on; 16th January 2018, Accessed from https://www.brighamandwomens.org/about_bwh/default.aspx Brigham and Womens Hospital, 2016, Brigham Health, Accessed on; 16th January 2018, Accessed from https://www.brighamandwomens.org/About_BWH/brigham-health/default.aspx Brigham and Womens Hospital, 2016, BWH Milestones, Accessed on; 16th January 2018, Accessed from https://www.brighamandwomens.org/about_bwh/publicaffairs/aboutbwh/milestones.aspx?sub=3 Brigham and Womens Hospital, 2016, Strategic Plan, Accessed on; 16th January 2018, Accessed from https://www.brighamandwomens.org/about_bwh/mission.aspx Dejnega, O., 2011. Method Time Driven Activity Based Costing.Journal of Applied. Gervais, M., Levant, Y. and Ducrocq, C., 2010. Time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC): An initial appraisal through a longitudinal case study.Journal of Applied Management Accounting Research,8(2), p.1. Gervais, M., Levant, Y. and Ducrocq, C., 2010. Time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC): An initial appraisal through a longitudinal case study.Journal of Applied Management Accounting Research,8(2), p.1. Harvard Medical School, 2018, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Accessed on; 16th January 2018, Accessed from https://hms.harvard.edu/about-hms/hms-affiliates/brigham-and-womens-hospital Kaplan, R.S. and Anderson, S.R., 2017, Time Driven Activity Based Costing, Accessed on; 16th January 2018, Accessed from https://hbr.org/2004/11/time-driven-activity-based-costing Morris, A.J., Feng, A.Y., Nayor, J., Feeley, T.W., Bader, A.M., 2017, Accessed on; 16th January 2018, Accessed from https://catalyst.nejm.org/tertiary-academic-endoscopy-center-tdabc/ Ozyurek, H. and Din, Y., 2014. Time-Driven Activity Based Costing.International Journal of Business and Management Studies,6(1), pp.97-117. Partners Healthcare, 2017, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Accessed on; 16th January 2018, Accessed from https://www.partners.org/Services/General/Patient-Care/Academic-Medical-Centers/Brigham-and-Womens-Hospital.aspx Szychta, A., 2010. Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing in Service Industries.Social Sciences (1392-0758),67(1)